See Also: rough(1)(dictionary)
rough(2)(dictionary)
rough(3)(dictionary)
Rough(medicine)
rough diamond(dictionary)
rough and tumble(dictionary)
rough 4, adverb(dictionary)
rough 3, verb(dictionary)
rough 2, noun(dictionary)
rough 1, adjective(dictionary)

Institutionalization (finance) and rough(1) (iou)


Institutionalization (finance)


The gradual domination of financial markets by institutional investors, as opposed to individual investors. This process has occurred throughout the industrialized world.









rough(1) (iou)



rough adjective & adverb. Also ruff. See also ROW adjective1.
[Old English ruh = Middle Low German, Middle Dutch ruch, ru (Dutch ruig, ruw), Old High German ruh (German rauh), from West Germanic. Cf. RUFF noun1.]
A. adjective.
I.
Having an uneven or irregular surface; not level or smooth; unpolished. OE.
G. Vidal The rough granite surface of the column. G. Swift I felt its rough lip against my bare arm.
b. Of cloth, hair, vegetation, etc.: coarse in texture. OE.
rough-coated, rough-haired, etc.
R. West The fringe of rough grass.
c. Of a bone: having meat on it. Scot. L18.
d. Designating the side of a tennis, squash, etc., racket opposite to the smooth side (SMOOTH adjective 1c), from which the loops of twisted string project, esp. used as a call when the racket is spun to decide on the server or choose ends. L19.
e. Bacteriology. Of a bacterial phenotype: characterized by corrugated and irregular colonies, and by cells lacking polysaccharide capsules. E20.
Covered with (esp. long) hair; hairy, shaggy; unclipped, unshorn. OE.
Milton Rough Satyrs danc'd, and Fauns with clov'n heel.
b. (Of a hide) undressed, untanned; rare made of undressed hide. OE-M17.
Of ground etc.: uneven, rugged; uncultivated, wild. OE.
D. H. Lawrence We stumbled over the rough path.
Of the sea or weather: stormy, turbulent, violent. LME.
b. Of a journey: undertaken during or accompanied by stormy weather. M19.
Richard Doyle After a rough passage..landed at Ostend.
II.
a. Of an action: violent, harsh; insensitive, inconsiderate. ME.
A. Burgess The lovemaking..had been rough at first but later more tender.
b. (Of a place) occupied or frequented by rough or violent people; (of a time) characterized by violent events, riotous. M19.
G. Paley A busy man selling discount furniture in a rough neighbourhood.
c. Of an experience or occurrence: troublesome, unpleasant; unreasonable, unfair. M19.
U. Sinclair You had been having a rough time of it. A. Lurie It's rough to be cursed out like that.
Of language or facial expression: harsh, uncompromising; impolite, offensive. ME.
L. Strachey She even liked..his rough unaccommodating speech.
Of a person, disposition, etc.: inclined to be violent or harsh; ungentle, unkind. LME.
S. Spender Children who were rough..threw words like stones and wore torn clothes. U. Le Guin They get rough with him, beat him up.
b. Of a horse: unbroken; not easily ridden or uncomfortable to ride due to an irregular pace. L16.
Of a medicine: strong or powerful in effect. rare. L17.
Foll. by on: hard or unfair towards. colloq. L19.
C. Simmons His first wife had been very rough on him.
Unwell, ill; miserable, dejected. colloq. (orig. dial.). L19.
Times She..pretended to feel rough when she surfaced around lunch-time.
III.
Rudimentary, crude, imperfect; not requiring or accomplished with skill. ME.
F. H. Joynson The iron..run into rough moulds.
b. Of accommodation etc.: lacking in comfort or refinement; basic. M19.
Of materials, esp. stone: in a natural or crude state; undressed, unworked. LME.
Approximately accurate or adequate; generally sufficient; preliminary, provisional. L16.
J. B. Priestley How many Members of Parliament could give even the roughest description of..a coal-mine? H. J. Eysenck A rough idea..of the kinds of topic psychologists..study. A. Sillitoe He..pencilled rough calculations into his notebook.
b. Ignoring or incapable of fine distinctions. Now chiefly in rough justice below. E19.
c. Of stationery etc.: used for Writing preliminary notes or records. M19.
R. K. Narayan I want a rough notebook.
d. Of a vacuum: produced by a relatively low degree of evacuation. E20.
Plentifully supplied. Chiefly in rough and round below. Scot. E18.
IV.
Of alcoholic drink: harsh to the taste; not smooth; sharp, acid. LME.
(Of a sound) discordant, harsh, grating; (of the voice) hoarse. LME.
A. Price Weston's voice was rough with..tension.
b. Of a speech sound: aspirated. M18.
a. Of diction or style: graceless, unrefined, unpolished. M16.
b. Of language: coarse, vulgar. M20.
Of a person, disposition, etc.: uncultured, uncultivated, unrefined. L16.
C. V. Wedgwood Training transformed..rough rural recruits into disciplined soldiers. B. Emecheta She was rough, not as cultivated as the sleek, younger woman.
Of a task etc.: requiring strength; heavy, manual. E18.
A. Thirkell The rough work and..washing were done by Effie.
Phrases: get rough (with) begin to act violently (towards). give a person a rough ride: see RIDE noun. rough-and-ready adjective rough or crude but effective; unelaborate, not over-particular. rough and round Scot. (a) (of Food) plain but substantial; (b) (of a person) homely, unsophisticated. rough as bags, rough as guts, rough as sacks slang (chiefly Austral. & NZ) coarse, uncouth. the rough edge of one's tongue: see EDGE noun. the rougher sex the male sex. the rough side of one's tongue = the rough edge of one's tongue s.v. EDGE noun.
Special collocations & comb.: roughback = rough dab below. rough bent a N. American bent-grass, Agrostis scabra; also called tickle-grass; rough bounds Scot. [Gaelic Garbh-chr&igra;ochan] the mountainous area between the Sound of Mull and Loch Duich. rough breathing: see BREATHING 5. rough calf Bookbinding dressed calfskin used with the flesh side outermost. rough CHERVIL. rough coal dial. a free coal which is mined in large blocks. rough coat a preliminary coat of plaster applied to a surface. rough collie (an animal of) a breed of long-coated black and white, or black, tan, and white collie. rough copy (a) a first or original draft; (b) a copy of a picture etc. comprising only the essential details. rough cut the first version of a Film after preliminary editing. rough dab (more fully long rough dab) a N. Atlantic flatfish, Hippoglossoides platessoides, of the family Pleuronectidae, with a rough skin; also called American plaice, roughback. rough deal: see DEAL noun3 3. rough diamond (a) an uncut diamond; (b) a person of good Nature but rough manners. Rough Fell (an animal of) a breed of large long-woolled sheep found in parts of the Pennine area of England. rough file: having coarse cutting ridges. rough-footed adjective (a) (of a bird, esp. a domestic pigeon) having feathered feet; (b) arch. wearing shoes of undressed hide. rough grazing (an area of) uncultivated land used for grazing livestock. rough green snake = rough-scaled green snake below. rough greyhound = DEER-hound. rough horsetail a rough-stemmed horsetail, Equisetum hyemale, formerly used for scouring; also called pewterwort, scouring rush, shavegrass. rough hound any of various dogfishes, esp. the lesser-spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. rough house slang an uproar, a disturbance; boisterous or violent behaviour. rough-house verb (slang) (a) verb intrans. cause an uproar or disturbance; behave boisterously or violently; (b) verb trans. handle (a person) roughly or violently. rough justice (a) treatment that is approximately fair; (b) very unfair treatment. rough leaf (now rare) (a) the first true leaf of a plant, as distinguished from the cotyledons; (b) the stage of growth when the true leaves have appeared. rough-legged adjective having hairy or feathered legs; rough-legged buzzard, a migratory holarctic buzzard, Buteo lagopus, which breeds in the subarctic tundra. rough-lock noun & verb (N. Amer.) (a) noun a device (esp. a chain) for slowing the downward passage of a vehicle, logs, etc.; (b) verb trans. slow (a vehicle etc.) with such a device. rough log, rough logbook: containing notes to be written up later in the main logbook. rough mix a preliminary blend of separate soundtracks of a piece of Music. rough Music slang (now Hist.) noisy uproar, esp. as intended to display public outrage or discontent at the behaviour of others. roughneck colloq. (a) a rough or rowdy person; (b) a worker on an oil rig. roughneck verb intrans. (colloq.) work as a roughneck on an oil rig. rough passage (a) a sea-crossing undertaken during rough weather; (b) a difficult time or experience. rough pate: made with coarsely-chopped or -minced ingredients. rough puff pastry: made without allowing the pastry to rest between each turning. rough ride colloq. a difficult time or experience. rough-scaled adjective having rough scales; rough-scaled green snake, a colubrid snake, Opheodrys aestivus, of the eastern US and Mexico; rough-scaled snake, a small highly venomous elapid snake, Tropidechis carinatus, of tropical Queensland. rough scuff, rough scruff US slang a rough or disreputable person; collect. the riffraff, the rabble. rough seal = RINGED seal. rough shoot, rough shooting (a) the action or an act of shooting game without beaters; (b) an area where this is permissible. rough spin Austral. slang a piece of bad luck. rough stuff colloq. unruliness, violent behaviour. rough-tail = shieldtail s.v. SHIELD noun1. rough timber: partly dressed, having only the branches removed. rough-tonguing verbal Abuse; a scolding. rough trade slang a rough or esp. a lower-class person engaged in or solicited for homosexual prostitution; (the activities of) such people collectively. rough-tree Nautical Hist. (a) = roof-tree (b) s.v. ROOF noun; (b) an unfinished mast or spar. rough-winged swallow a brown-backed American swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis. rough work (a) preliminary or provisional work; (b) colloq. violence; (c) a task requiring the use of force.
b. adverb. In a rough manner; roughly, crudely. ME.
Phrases: live rough habitually sleep rough, have no proper Home. sleep rough, (now rare) lie rough sleep Outdoors or not in a proper bed, esp. habitually as having no Home.
Comb.: rough-dry verb trans. dry (clothes) roughly, esp. without ironing; rough-handle verb trans. treat roughly or violently; rough-hew verb trans. form or shape out roughly; rough-hewn adjective (a) formed or shaped out roughly; (b) (of a person) unrefined, uncultivated, uncouth; roughshod adjective (of a horse) having shoes with nail-heads projecting to prevent slipping; ride roughshod over (fig.) domineer over, treat inconsiderately or arrogantly.
roughish adjective somewhat rough M18.
roughly adverb (a) in a rough manner; (b) approximately, in an approximate sense: ME.
roughness noun (a) the quality of being rough; (b) a rough part or place; (c) (dial., chiefly US) hay, corn-husks, etc., as opp. to grain, used as animal fodder: LME.
roughsome adjective (Scot.) roughish; rough-mannered, uncouth: M17.