See Also: bell stage(medicine)
Nicholas, St(dictionary)
Nicholas(encyclopedia)
Ray, Nicholas(encyclopedia)
Nicholas I(encyclopedia)
Nicholas V(encyclopedia)
Nicholas II(dictionary)
Nicholas II(encyclopedia)
Tulp, Nicholas(medicine)
Rowe, Nicholas(encyclopedia)

Nicholas II (sh) and bell stage (medicine)


Nicholas II (sh)




orig. Gerard of Burgundy

born Lorraine
died July 19/26, 1061, Florence

Pope (1058-61).

Known as an advocate of reform, he was bishop of Florence before being elected pope in opposition to the antipope Benedict X. At the Lateran Council of 1059 he reformed the process of papal election, placing it in the hands of the cardinals and limiting the emperor's role. The German bishops voided his decree (1061), revealing growing tensions between empire and papacy. Nicholas brought about a diplomatic revolution, which worsened relations with Germany and its weak regent, when he sought an alliance with the Normans in southern Italy and invested Robert Guiscard as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily (1059). His legislation against clerical Marriage and simony was an important part of the Gregorian reform movement.


bell stage (medicine)


bell stage
Third stage of tooth development, wherein the cells form the inner enamel epithelium, the stratum intermedium, the stellate reticulum, and the outer enamel epithelium; the enamel organ assumes a bell shape.