See Also: Razi(health)
Razi, al-(encyclopedia)
Razi (as used in expressions)(encyclopedia)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi(encyclopedia)
Razi Razani(health)
Razi Hospital(health)
pile(4)(dictionary)
pile(5)(dictionary)
pile(6)(dictionary)
pile(7)(dictionary)

Razi, al- (sh) and pile (sh)


Razi, al- (sh)




in full Abu Bakr Mu?ammad ibn Zakariyya? al-Razi Latin Rhazes

born งใ 865, Rayy, Persia
died 925 or 935, Rayy

Persian alchemist and philosopher.

He saw himself as the Islamic heir of Socrates in philosophy and of Hippocrates in medicine. In The Comprehensive Book, he surveyed Greek, Syrian, early Arabic, and some Indian medical knowledge, adding his own comments. A number of his works were translated into Latin and Other Languages. One such, The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes, is a popular ethical treatise and major alchemical study. He called himself a follower of Plato but disagreed with Arabic interpreters of Plato. His theory of the composition of matter is similar to that of Democritus. He was considered one of the greatest physicians of the early Islamic world.


pile (sh)




In building construction, a postlike foundation member used from prehistoric times.

Piles transfer building loads down to a suitable bearing stratum when the soil mass immediately below a construction is unsuitable for the direct bearing of footings (see foundation). Piles support loads either by bearing directly on rock or suitable soil or by developing friction along their very ample length. In modern civil engineering, piles of timber, steel, or concrete are driven into the ground to support a structure; bridge piers and building foundations may be supported on groups of piles.