See Also: dihydrolipoic acid(medicine)
Dawson City city monuments(tourism)
Quebec City city monuments(tourism)
Rambourg's chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid stain(medicine)
City, the(dictionary)
NEW CITY(finance)
city(dictionary)
city(encyclopedia)
inner city(dictionary)
Air City(tourism)

city-state (sh) and dihydrolipoic acid (medicine)


city-state (sh)




Political system consisting of an independent city with sovereignty over a fixed surrounding area for which it served as leader of religious, political, economic, and cultural life.

The term was coined in the 19th century to describe ancient Greek and Phoenician settlements that differed from tribal or national systems in size, exclusivity, patriotism, and ability to resist incorporation by Other communities. They may have developed when earlier tribal systems broke down and splintered groups established themselves as independent nuclei งใ 1000-800 BC; by the 5th century BC they numbered in the hundreds, with Athens, Sparta, and Thebes among the most important. Incapable of forming any lasting union or federation, they eventually fell victim to the Macedonians, the Carthaginians, and the Roman empire. In the 11th century the city-state revived in Italy; the Success of medieval Italy's city-states, including Pisa, Florence, Venice, and Genoa, was due to growing prosperity from trade with the East, and several survived into the 19th century. Germany's medieval city-states included Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck. The only city-state extant today is Vatican City.


dihydrolipoic acid (medicine)


dihydrolipoic acid


Reduced lipoic acid, formed by cleavage of the -S-S- bond as a result of the acceptance of two hydrogens.

Compare: lipoic acid.